Ku isi hose, abantu miliyoni bapfa buri mwaka bazize indwara zitandukanye. Zimwe muri zo ni indwara zitandura, nk’indwara z’umutima na kanseri, mu gihe izindi zandura hagati y’abantu cyangwa zikava ku dusimba, amazi n’ibindi bidukikije.

Amakuru y’Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (WHO) agaragaza ko indwara zitandura (NCDs) ari zo zitera hafi 74% by’impfu ku isi. Mu mpamvu 10 za mbere z’urupfu ku isi, indwara nyinshi ni izitandura.

1. Indwara z’umutima n’imitsi y’amaraso

Indwara z’umutima n’imitsi y’amaraso (cardiovascular diseases – CVDs) ni zimwe mu ndwara zihitana abantu benshi ku isi. WHO ivuga ko zihitana hafi miliyoni 17.9 buri mwaka.

Ingero:

• Ischaemic heart disease
• Heart attack
• Stroke
• Heart failure
• Peripheral arterial disease

Muri 2021, ischaemic heart disease yonyine yishe abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 9, iba imwe mu mpamvu za mbere z’urupfu ku isi.

Umuvuduko ukabije w’amaraso, itabi, cholesterol nyinshi, diyabete, imirire itanoze no kutagira imyitozo ihagije bishobora kongera ibyago byo kurwara izi ndwara.

2. Kanseri

Kanseri ni itsinda rinini ry’indwara zituma uturemangingo two mu mubiri dukura cyangwa tugakwirakwira mu buryo budasanzwe.

WHO ivuga ko mu 2024 kanseri yishe hafi miliyoni 10 z’abantu ku isi.

Kanseri zikunze kugaragara cyangwa gutera impfu nyinshi zirimo:

• Kanseri y’ibihaha
• Kanseri y’ibere
• Kanseri y’amara manini n’umwoyo wayo (colorectal cancer)
• Kanseri ya prostate
• Kanseri y’umwijima

Itabi ni imwe mu mpamvu zikomeye zitera kanseri, cyane cyane kanseri y’ibihaha. Umwanda wo mu kirere, inzoga, infection zimwe na zimwe ndetse n’izindi mpamvu z’umubiri na zo zishobora kugira uruhare.

3. Stroke

Stroke ibaho iyo amaraso atageze mu gice cy’ubwonko uko bikwiye cyangwa umutsi w’amaraso ugaturika.

Ubwoko bukuru bwa stroke:

• Ischemic stroke: umutsi w’amaraso ujya mu bwonko urafunga.
• Hemorrhagic stroke: umutsi w’amaraso uraturika.

Umuvuduko ukabije w’amaraso ni umwe mu bintu by’ingenzi byongera ibyago bya stroke. Stroke ishobora gutera urupfu cyangwa gusigira umuntu ubumuga bukomeye.

4. Indwara z’ubuhumekero zidakira

Indwara z’ubuhumekero zidakira (chronic respiratory diseases) ni indwara zifata imyanya y’ubuhumekero n’ibihaha kandi zikamara igihe kirekire.

Ingero:

• COPD(Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease )
• Asima(asthma)
• Chronic bronchitis
• Emphysema

Itabi ni imwe mu mpamvu zikomeye z’izi ndwara. Umwuka wanduye, umwanda wo mu ngo uterwa no guteka hifashishijwe ibicanwa bihumanya, n’imyanda yo mu nganda na byo bishobora kongera ibyago.

WHO ivuga ko COPD iri mu mpamvu zikomeye z’impfu ku isi.

5. Indwara z’ubuhumekero zandura

Nubwo indwara zitandura ari zo ziganje ku rwego rw’isi, indwara z’ubuhumekero zandura (infectious respiratory diseases) na zo zikomeje guhitana abantu benshi.

Ingero:

• Tuberculosis (TB)
• Influenza
• COVID-19
• Pertussis (whooping cough)

Pneumonia ishobora gukomera cyane ku bana bato, abasaza ndetse n’abantu bafite ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri buri hasi.

TB na yo iracyari ikibazo gikomeye ku isi, cyane cyane mu bihugu bifite umutwaro munini w’iyi ndwara.

6. Diyabete

Diyabete (diabetes) ni indwara ituma isukari iri mu maraso iba nyinshi kurenza uko bikwiye igihe kirekire.

Ubwoko bw’ingenzi:

• Type 1 diabetes
  
• Type 2 diabetes
  
• Gestational diabetes

WHO ivuga ko diyabete yonyine yateje impfu zigera kuri miliyoni 1.6 muri 2021.

Iyo idacungiwe neza, ishobora kwangiza imitsi, amaso, impyiko ndetse ikongera ibyago by’indwara z’umutima na stroke.

7. Indwara z’impyiko

Impyiko zifasha umubiri kuyungurura amaraso no gukuramo imyanda.

Ingero:

• Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
  
• Acute kidney injury
  
• Kidney failure
  
• Kidney infections

Diyabete n’umuvuduko ukabije w’amaraso biri mu mpamvu zikomeye zishobora kwangiza impyiko mu gihe kirekire.

Iyo impyiko zidakora neza cyane, umuntu ashobora gukenera ubuvuzi bwihariye burimo dialysis cyangwa kidney transplant.

8. Indwara z’impiswi

Indwara z’impiswi (diarrhoeal diseases) zishobora guterwa n’imyanda mikorobe, amazi cyangwa ibiribwa byanduye.

Ingero zazo:

• Cholera
  
• Rotavirus
  
• Norovirus
  
• Infection iterwa na E. coli
  
• Shigellosis

Ikibazo gikomeye cyane ni dehydration, aho umubiri utakaza amazi n’imyunyu ikenewe. Ibi bishobora kuba bibi cyane ku bana bato.

Kubona amazi meza, gukaraba intoki, isuku y’ibiribwa no kubona ubuvuzi hakiri kare bishobora gufasha kugabanya izi ndwara.

9. Malaria

Malaria ni indwara yandura iterwa na parasite kandi ikwirakwizwa cyane n’umubu w’ingore wa Anopheles.

Ibimenyetso bishobora kubamo:

• Umuriro
  
• Gukonja no gutengurwa
  
• Kubabara umutwe
  
• Intege nke
  
• Ibindi bimenyetso bitewe n’uburemere bw’indwara

Malaria ikomeje kugira umutwaro ukomeye cyane muri Afurika, cyane cyane muri Afurika yo munsi y’Ubutayu bwa Sahara.

WHO ivuga ko malaria ikomeje kuba imwe mu ndwara zandura zikomeye ku isi, cyane cyane ku bana bato.

10. Dementia na Alzheimer

Dementia ni itsinda ry’indwara zituma ubushobozi bwo kwibuka, gutekereza no gukora ibikorwa bya buri munsi bugenda bugabanuka.

Ingero:

• Alzheimer’s disease
  
• Vascular dementia
  
• Dementia with Lewy bodies
  
• Frontotemporal dementia

Alzheimer ni yo ikunze kuba intandaro ya dementia nyinshi. Uko abantu babaho igihe kirekire, umubare w’abafite izi ndwara nawo ushobora kwiyongera.

Kuki izi ndwara zikomeje guhitana abantu benshi?

Impamvu zirandukanye bitewe n’indwara.

Imibereho: Itabi, imirire itanoze, kutagira imyitozo ihagije no kunywa inzoga nyinshi bishobora kongera ibyago by’indwara zitandukanye.

Imyaka: Indwara nka kanseri, indwara z’umutima, dementia n’indwara z’impyiko zikunze kugira umubare munini w’abazirwara mu bantu bakuze.

Umwanda: Umwanda wo mu kirere ushobora kugira uruhare mu ndwara z’ibihaha, umutima ndetse na kanseri zimwe.

Indwara zandura: Amazi adafite isuku, isuku nke, ubucucike bw’abantu n’ubushobozi buke bwo kubona serivisi z’ubuzima bishobora gutuma indwara zandura zikomeza gukwirakwira.

Ubukene n’ubushobozi buke bwa serivisi z’ubuzima: Iyo umuntu adashobora kubona screening, diagnosis cyangwa ubuvuzi ku gihe, indwara ishobora gukomera kurushaho.

Indwara zitandura ni zo ziganje ku isi

WHO ivuga ko indwara zitandura zitera hafi bitatu bya kane by’impfu ku isi. Zimwe mu zikomeye ni indwara z’umutima n’imitsi y’amaraso, kanseri, indwara z’ubuhumekero zidakira na diyabete.

Ariko ibyo ntibisobanuye ko indwara zandura zitakiri ikibazo. Malaria, TB, pneumonia n’indwara z’impiswi ziracyafite uruhare rukomeye mu mpfu, cyane cyane mu bihugu bifite ubushobozi buke mu bijyanye n’ubuzima.

Indwara zihitana abantu benshi ku isi ntabwo zifite inkomoko imwe. Hari iziterwa ahanini n’imibereho n’imyaka, nka kanseri n’indwara z’umutima; hari iziterwa cyangwa zigakwirakwizwa n’imyanda mikorobe n’udukoko, nka malaria, TB n’indwara z’impiswi; ndetse hari n’iziterwa n’ivanga ry’impamvu nyinshi.

Ubushakashatsi bwa WHO bugaragaza ko igice kinini cy’impfu z’indwara zitandura gishobora kugabanywa binyuze mu gukumira impamvu z’ibyago, kumenya indwara hakiri kare no kubona ubuvuzi bukwiye.

Ikibazo cy’indwara ku isi rero ntabwo ari ikibazo cy’ibitaro n’imiti gusa. Ni ikibazo gifitanye isano n’imibereho, ibidukikije, ubukungu, isuku, imirire n’uburyo abantu babona serivisi z’ubuzima.