Amateka yuzuyemo abantu bakoze ibintu byahinduye uko isi ikora. Bamwe bavumbuye ibintu byaje gufasha ubuvuzi, abandi bahindura uburyo abantu bagenda cyangwa bakora ubushakashatsi.

Ariko hari n’abandi bafite inkuru zidasanzwe kurushaho: abantu bakoze cyangwa bavumbuye ibintu bikomeye, nyuma ubuzima bwabo bukagira iherezo ritunguranye. Kuri bamwe, akazi bakoraga kagize uruhare mu bibazo by’ubuzima bwabo. Ku bandi, urupfu rwabo rwaje mu mpanuka zitandukanye n’ubuvumbuzi bwabo.

Dore bamwe muri bo n’ibyabaye kuri bo.

1. Marie Curie 1867–1934

"Radioactivity", radium na polonium

Marie Curie ni umwe mu bahanga bazwi cyane mu mateka ya science. Yakoranye na Pierre Curie mu bushakashatsi ku bintu bisohora imirasire, maze bagira uruhare rukomeye mu kuvumbura "polonium" na "radium".

Muri icyo gihe, abantu bari batarasobanukirwa neza akaga ko kumara igihe kinini umuntu ahura na radiation. Curie yamaze imyaka myinshi akora ubushakashatsi kuri ibyo bintu, ndetse ibikoresho yakoresheje byabaga birimo ibintu bya radioactive.

Nyuma y’imyaka myinshi, ubuzima bwe bwagize ibibazo bikomeye. Yapfuye mu 1934 azize "aplastic anemia", indwara ituma umubiri unanirwa gukora uturemangingo tw’amaraso ku buryo bukwiye.

Inkuru ye iracyibutsa abantu ko hari igihe ikintu gishya gishobora kuvumburwa mbere y’uko abantu basobanukirwa neza ingaruka zacyo.

2. Louis Slotin 1910–1946

"Nuclear physics" na plutonium

Louis Slotin yari umuhanga muri physics wakoraga ubushakashatsi mu gihe cya Manhattan Project.

Mu 1946, ubwo yakoraga experiment kuri plutonium, habaye impanuka ikomeye ya radiation muri laboratoire. Slotin yahise ahura n’urwego rukomeye rwa radiation.

Abaganga baramwitayeho, ariko ubuzima bwe bwangirika vuba. Nyuma y’iminsi icyenda gusa, Louis Slotin arapfa.

Icyatangaje abantu ni uko experiment yari iri gukorwa mu rwego rwo gusobanukirwa neza imyitwarire ya nuclear materials, ariko ikaza kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku muntu wayikoraga.

3. Harry Daghlian 1921–1945

Ubushakashatsi kuri "nuclear physics"

Harry Daghlian yari umuhanga ukiri muto wakoraga kuri Manhattan Project.

Mu 1945, ubwo yakoraga experiment kuri plutonium, habaye impanuka ya radiation. Yagize exposure ikomeye, ararwara cyane, maze nyuma y’ibyumweru bike apfa.

Urupfu rwe rwabaye mu gihe isi yari itangiye kwinjira mu bihe bishya bya nuclear science.

Kandi igitangaje ni uko Daghlian na Slotin bombi bapfuye bazize impanuka zitandukanye zijyanye n’ikintu cya plutonium kimwe, mu gihe kitarenze umwaka umwe.

4. Otto Lilienthal 1848–1896

Ubushakashatsi ku kuguruka

Mbere y’uko indege zigezweho zibaho, Otto Lilienthal yari umwe mu bantu bagize uruhare rukomeye mu kugerageza kumenya uko umuntu ashobora kuguruka.

Yakoze "gliders" nyinshi kandi azikoresha mu bigeragezo byinshi. Yari amaze gukora ingendo nyinshi mu kirere, ibintu byamugize umwe mu bantu b’ingenzi mu mateka y’ubwubatsi bw’indege.

Ariko ku wa 9 Kanama 1896, mu gihe yari mu rugendo rumwe muri izo, glider ye yatakaje ubushobozi bwo kuguruka maze aragwa.

Yakomeretse bikomeye, aza gupfa bukeye bwaho.

Urupfu rwe ntirwahagaritse abantu gukomeza kugerageza kuguruka. Ahubwo ubushakashatsi bwe bwaje gufasha abavumbuzi baje nyuma ye, barimo abavandimwe Wright.

5. Thomas Midgley Jr. 1889–1944

"Leaded gasoline" na CFCs

Thomas Midgley Jr. yakoze ubushakashatsi mu bya chemistry maze agira uruhare mu guteza imbere "leaded gasoline", ndetse anagira uruhare mu ikorwa rya CFCs.

Ibyo bikorwa byagize uruhare runini mu ikoranabuhanga ryo mu kinyejana cya 20, ariko nyuma byaje kumenyekana ko lead iri muri gasoline ishobora guteza ibibazo bikomeye ku buzima, naho CFCs zikagira uruhare mu kwangiza "ozone layer".

Ariko inkuru ya Midgley ifite iherezo ritandukanye n’uko umuntu yabitekereza.

Mu myaka ye ya nyuma, yari afite ubumuga bwatumaga akenera igikoresho kimufasha kugenda no kuzamuka. Mu 1944, yapfuye nyuma y’impanuka ijyanye n’icyo gikoresho.

Ni ukuvuga ko ibyo yavumbuye bitamwishe mu buryo butaziguye, nubwo ubuzima bwe bwaje kugira iherezo ridasanzwe.

6. Alexander Bogdanov 1873–1928

"Blood transfusion"

Alexander Bogdanov yari umuganga n’umushakashatsi wakoraga ku bijyanye no guhindurirwa amaraso.

Yizeraga ko "blood transfusion" ishobora kugira uruhare mu kongera ubuzima n’imbaraga z’umubiri, maze atangira gukora ubushakashatsi kuri ubwo buryo.

Ariko mu 1928, Bogdanov yakiriye amaraso yari afite infection.

Nyuma y’iyo transfusion yararwaye cyane, maze arapfa.

Inkuru ye iratangaje kuko uburyo yari yizeho agamije guteza imbere ubuzima ari bwo bwaje kugira uruhare mu rupfu rwe.

7. Carl Wilhelm Scheele 1742–1786

Chemistry n’ubuvumbuzi bw’ibintu bishya

Carl Wilhelm Scheele yari umuhanga ukomeye mu bya chemistry wabayeho mu kinyejana cya 18.

Yagize uruhare mu kuvumbura no gusobanura ibintu byinshi bya chimie, harimo "oxygen" na "chlorine".

Ikibazo ni uko mu gihe cye abahanga bari bataramenya neza uburozi n’ingaruka z’ibintu byinshi bakoraga na byo. Scheele yakoraga experiments nyinshi ku bintu bishobora kuba bibi ku mubiri.

Yapfuye afite imyaka 43 gusa.

Ariko hari ikintu tugomba kwitondera: nubwo hari abakeka ko exposure ku bintu yakoraga na byo ishobora kuba yaragize uruhare ku buzima bwe, impamvu nyayo y’urupfu rwe ntizemejwe neza.

8. Humphry Davy 1778–1829

Gases n’ibintu bya chemistry

Humphry Davy yari umwe mu bahanga bakomeye mu mateka ya chemistry. Yagize uruhare mu kuvumbura cyangwa gutandukanya elements nyinshi kandi akora ubushakashatsi ku myitwarire ya gases.

Mu bushakashatsi bwe, yanakoresheje "nitrous oxide" kugira ngo yige ku ngaruka za gases ku mubiri.

Ubushakashatsi bwe bwagize uruhare mu guteza imbere chemistry, ariko inkuru ye itandukanye n’iya Slotin cyangwa Daghlian: Davy ntiyapfuye azize accident imwe ya laboratoire.

Yapfuye mu 1829 nyuma y’imyaka y’ibibazo by’ubuzima.

Mu by’ukuri, ni iki izi nkuru zitwigisha?

Aba bantu ntibose bapfuye bazize ibyo bavumbuye. Kandi ni ingenzi kubivuga neza kugira ngo amateka atavuguruzwa.

Ariko inkuru zabo zerekana ikintu kimwe gikomeye: ubumenyi akenshi butera imbere mbere y’uko abantu basobanukirwa neza ingaruka z’ubushakashatsi bushya.

Marie Curie yamaze imyaka akora kuri radiation mbere y’uko abantu basobanukirwa neza akaga kayo. Slotin na Daghlian bo bahuye n’impanuka za radiation mu bushakashatsi bwa nuclear. Lilienthal we yapfuye agerageza gukemura ikibazo cyari kimaze imyaka abantu bibaza: "Ese umuntu ashobora kuguruka?"

Kandi hari n’abakoze ibintu byaje kugira ingaruka ku isi mu buryo batari biteze.

Icyo ni cyo gituma amateka y’aba bahanga adakwiye kurebwa gusa nk’inkuru z’abantu bapfuye. Ni inkuru z’abantu bagiye ahantu abandi bataragera, rimwe na rimwe bakishyura ikiguzi gikomeye cyo kuba bari ku murongo wa mbere w’ubumenyi.

Kandi igice gishimishije kurushaho ni uko bamwe muri bo bakoze ubuvumbuzi isi ikoresha kugeza n’uyu munsi.