Uyu munsi iyo umuntu avuze itariki, benshi bahita batekereza kuri kalendari dusanzwe dukoresha, aho umwaka ugira iminsi 365 cyangwa 366 n’amezi 12. Ariko mu mateka y’Isi, abantu ntibigeze bakoresha uburyo bumwe bwo kubara igihe.

Imico n’amadini bitandukanye byagiye bigira kalendari zabyo, bitewe n’uko abantu babonaga izuba, ukwezi n’ibihe by’umwaka. Zimwe zarasimbuwe, izindi ziracyakoreshwa kugeza uyu munsi.

Dore kalendari zizwi cyane mu mateka no muri iki gihe.

1. Gregorian Calendar

Iyi ni yo kalendari ikoreshwa cyane ku Isi muri iki gihe. Yatangijwe mu 1582 ku butegetsi bwa Papa Gregory XIII, ahanini hagamijwe gukosora ikosa ryari ryaragiye ryiyongera muri Julian Calendar.

Ishingiye ku mwaka w’izuba kandi umwaka usanzwe ugira iminsi 365, mu gihe leap year ugira 366. Ibihugu byagiye biyakira mu bihe bitandukanye, kugeza ubwo iba uburyo busanzwe bwo kwandika amatariki mu bikorwa mpuzamahanga.

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2. Julian Calendar

Julian Calendar yashyizweho na Julius Caesar mu mwaka wa 45 mbere ya Yesu, isimbura uburyo bwari busanzwe bukoreshwa n’Abaroma.

Yari igamije gutuma umwaka uhuza neza n’umwaka w’izuba, ikagira umwaka wa leap buri myaka ine. Ariko yari irimo akosa gato mu kubara uburebure bw’umwaka, maze uko ibinyejana byagiye bishira, itariki n’ibihe by’umwaka bitangira gutandukana.

Ni yo mpamvu Gregorian Calendar yaje kuyisimbura ahantu henshi.

3. Islamic Calendar

Islamic Calendar, izwi kandi nka Hijri Calendar, ni kalendari ishingiye ku kwezi.

Yatangiriye ku mwaka wa 622 nyuma ya Yesu, igihe Hijra, urugendo rw’Umuhanuzi Muhammad n’abayoboke be bava i Mecca bajya i Medina, rwabaye intangiriro yo kubara imyaka kuri iyi kalendari.

Umwaka wa Hijri ugira iminsi hafi 354 cyangwa 355, bityo iminsi mikuru y’Abayisilamu ikagenda yimuka mu bihe bitandukanye by’umwaka iyo tuyigereranyije na Gregorian Calendar.

4. Hebrew Calendar

Hebrew Calendar ni kalendari y’Abayahudi ifite amateka maremare kandi ihuza ukwezi n’umwaka w’izuba.

Ni kalendari ya lunisolar, bivuze ko ikoresha ukwezi mu gutegura amezi ariko ikongeramo ukwezi mu myaka imwe n’imwe kugira ngo ikomeze guhuza n’ibihe by’izuba.

Ikoreshwa cyane mu kumenya iminsi mikuru n’imihango y’Abayahudi.

5. Chinese Calendar

Chinese Calendar ni kalendari gakondo y’Abashinwa ifite amateka y’imyaka ibihumbi.

Ni na yo kalendari ya lunisolar, ikoresha ibyiciro by’ukwezi ariko ikanakoresha umwaka w’izuba kugira ngo ibihe by’umwaka bitavaho.

Nubwo China ikoresha Gregorian Calendar mu bikorwa bya buri munsi, Chinese Calendar iracyafite akamaro mu minsi mikuru gakondo nka Chinese New Year.

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6. Hindu Calendars

Iyo tuvuga Hindu Calendar, ntabwo ari kalendari imwe gusa. Hari uburyo bwinshi bwo kubara igihe bwagiye bukoreshwa mu Buhinde.

Bimwe muri byo bishingiye ku kwezi n’izuba, kandi bikoreshwa mu kumenya iminsi mikuru y’amadini, ibihe n’ibindi bikorwa by’umuco.

Ni yo mpamvu amatariki y’iminsi mikuru imwe n’imwe ashobora guhinduka buri mwaka kuri Gregorian Calendar.

7. Ethiopian Calendar

Ethiopian Calendar ni imwe mu kalendari zidasanzwe zigikoreshwa kugeza uyu munsi.

Ifite amezi 13: 12 afite iminsi 30 buri kwezi, hanyuma hakaza ukwezi kwa 13 kugufi kugira iminsi 5 cyangwa 6 mu mwaka wa leap.

Ikindi gitangaje ni uko umwaka wayo utangana n’umwaka wa Gregorian; hari itandukaniro ry’imyaka hafi 7 kugeza kuri 8 bitewe n’igihe cy’umwaka.

8. Persian / Solar Hijri Calendar

Solar Hijri Calendar, izwi kandi nka Persian Calendar, ikoreshwa cyane muri Iran na Afghanistan.

Ishingiye ku mwaka w’izuba kandi itangira hafi y’igihe cy’impeshyi itangira mu gice cy’Amajyaruguru y’Isi.

Iyi kalendari izwiho kuba ifite uburyo buhanitse bwo gukurikiza umwaka w’izuba, kandi amwe mu mezi yayo afite iminsi 31.

9. Mayan Calendars

Abamaya bo muri Mesoamerica bakoreshaga uburyo bwinshi bwo kubara igihe aho kugira kalendari imwe gusa.

Mu zizwi cyane harimo Tzolk'in, yari igizwe n’igihe cy’iminsi 260, na Haab', yari igizwe n’iminsi 365.

Hari kandi Long Count yakoreshwaga mu kubara ibihe birebire cyane.

Kalendari z’Abamaya zatumye abantu benshi bazimenya cyane kubera uburyo buhambaye bari bafite bwo kubara no gukurikirana igihe.

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10. Japanese Calendar

Japan ikoresha Gregorian Calendar mu buzima bwa buri munsi, ariko ifite n’uburyo bwihariye bwo kwandika imyaka bushingiye ku bihe by’ingoma z’abami.

Ibyo bihe byitwa "eras", kandi buri gihe gihabwa izina iyo umwami mushya atangiye ingoma.

Urugero, Reiwa yatangiye mu 2019 igihe Emperor Naruhito yatangiraga ingoma. Bityo umwaka wa 2026 kuri Gregorian Calendar uba Reiwa 8 muri ubu buryo bwo kubara.

Kuki Isi itagira kalendari imwe gusa?

Impamvu nyamukuru ni uko abantu batandukanye bagiye bubakira uburyo bwo kubara igihe ku bintu bitandukanye.

Hari abibandaga ku zuba, abandi ku kwezi, abandi bagahuza byombi. Amadini, imico, ubutegetsi n’amateka na byo byagize uruhare mu gutuma kalendari zimwe zikomeza kubaho.

Gregorian Calendar ni yo yabaye uburyo mpuzamahanga bwiganje cyane, ariko ntabwo yasibye izindi kalendari. Kugeza uyu munsi, abantu baracyazikoresha mu madini, mu mico no mu minsi mikuru.

Iyo turebye izi kalendari, tubona ko kubara igihe atari imibare gusa. Ni igice cy’amateka y’abantu, imyemerere yabo n’uburyo basobanuraga Isi babagamo.