Cleopatra, pharaoh wa nyuma w'Igihugu cya Egypt, ni umwe mu bashushanya cyane kandi bafite amateka atangaje muri byose. Azwi cyane kubera ubuhanga bwe mu buyobozi, ubwiza bwe, ndetse n'iherezo ry'agahinda rye. Yabaye umwamikazi w'igihugu cya Egypt mu gihe cy’ihindagurika rikomeye, ndetse yahuye n’ibihe by'ubushyamirane hagati ya Roma n’Egypt. Ubuyobozi bwa Cleopatra ntabwo bwasize gusa amateka ashingiye ku mubano we n'abayobozi bakomeye ba Roma, ahubwo no ku bushobozi bwe bwo gufasha Egypt kugira ubusugire mu gihe cya Roma yihutaga gukomeza kwagura ubutware bwayo.

Uko Cleopatra yageze ku butegetsi

Ubuzima bwa mbere

Cleopatra VII yavutse mu mwaka wa 69 BCE (Mbere y’ivuka rya Yesu), akaba yari umwana w’umwami Ptolemy XII, umwami wa Egypt. Umuryango wabo wavuye m’Ubugiriki (Greece) ukaba waraje gufata ubutegetsi bwa Egypt nyuma y’uko Alexander the Great afashe igihugu. Cleopatra yakuriye mu muco wihariye w’ibihugu byombi, igihugu cya Egypt ndetse n’umuryango w’abanyagitugu ba Greece, bituma amenyera cyane ubuyobozi bw’impande zombi. Akiga amasomo atandukanye ajyanye n’imibereho ya Egypt ndetse na Roma, byatumye yitegura neza inshingano zo kuyobora igihugu.

Kwimwa ku butegetsi

Nyuma y’urupfu rwa se, Ptolemy XII, mu mwaka wa 51 BCE, Cleopatra yatangiye kuyobora Egypt hamwe n’umuvandimwe we muto, Ptolemy XIII. Gusa, ntibyatinze, kuko abakomoka ku muryango wa Ptolemy barwanye ku butegetsi bwabo. Cleopatra, wari umukobwa w’umuhanga mu bya politiki, yakomeje kugerageza kwigarurira ubuyobozi bwose. Uburyo yabashije kuyobora no kwigarurira ubwigenge byatumye abona amahirwe yo gushaka gufatanya n’indi mihigo ya politiki mu gihe cy’ihangana n’ubutware bwa Roma.

Ubushobozi bwo kubaka imikoranire ya politiki

Mu gihe cya mbere cyo kuyobora, Cleopatra yibanze cyane ku kongera ubushobozi bw'ubukungu ndetse no kongera imbaraga z'igisirikare. Yamenye ko kugira ngo abashe gukomeza ubuyobozi bwe, agomba gushaka imikoranire ikomeye, cyane cyane na Roma. Muri icyo gihe, yasabanye n’abakuru b’igihe cya Roma kugira ngo abashe kubaka umubano ufatika n’igihugu gikomeye cyane mu gihe cya Roma.

Ubusabane bwa Cleopatra na Roma

Ubukungu bwa Julius Caesar

Ubundi busabane bwa Cleopatra bwabaye hagati ye na Julius Caesar, umuyobozi w’ingabo wa Roma. Mu mwaka wa 48 BCE, Julius Caesar yageze mu mujyi wa Alexandria kugira ngo akurikirane ibyo gusubiza no guhashya umwanzi we Pompey the Great. Nyuma yo kubona uburyo Caesar yashakaga imbaraga ku butegetsi, Cleopatra yamubwiye ko ari we muntu ukwiye gufasha mu kurinda ubusugire bwa Egypt. Uyu mubano wa politiki watangiye kuba nk’ubutwari bw’ingenzi bwo kuyobora Egypt ku nshuro ya kabiri. Niho abakunzi be bamenye neza uburyo Julius Caesar yamufashije, ndetse umwana wabo Caesarion yaje kubaho nk’umwana wa Caesar.

Ingaruka z’uyu mubano muri politike

Ubushuti bwa Cleopatra na Julius Caesar bwagize ingaruka zikomeye ku gihugu cya Egypt ndetse na Roma. Ku ruhande rwa Cleopatra, byamufashije kugira ubutegetsi bukomeye ndetse agira n’ubusugire bw’imiyoborere. Naho ku ruhande rwa Caesar, yabashije kugera ku ntego yo kuba mukuru mu gihugu cya Egypt, ibyo byari byiza cyane ku mugambi w’umuryango wa Roma. Gusa, uwo mubano wakomeje kuzamura urwikekwe muri Roma, aho bamwe bashidikanyaga ku buryo Cleopatra yashakaga kugenzura igihugu cya Roma.

Cleopatra na Mark Antony: Gushyingirwa kwa politiki

Nyuma y’urupfu rwa Julius Caesar mu mwaka wa 44 BCE, Cleopatra yaje kugirana umubano wihariye na Mark Antony, umwe mu bakozi bakomeye ba Caesar. Antony yifuzaga gukomeza umubano n’icyubahiro cya Caesar, kandi uburyo bwo gufatanya na Cleopatra byamufashije kugera ku muryango w'imikoranire hagati yabo. Bafashe icyemezo cyo kubaka umuryango w’umutima n’amafaranga, maze habaho kubyara abana batatu. Iki gihe byari ibibazo byinshi ku bijyanye n’ubutaka bwa Roma.

Uruhare rwa Cleopatra mu butegetsi

Imiyoborere n’iyubakwa ry’igihugu

Cleopatra yari ntazibagirana mu buyobozi, akaba yarakoze ibikorwa bitandukanye mu kurwanya ubukene no kubaka igihugu. Yakoze ibintu byiza ku rwego rw’ubuhinzi no guteza imbere umusaruro w’ibiribwa, hagamijwe kongera ubukungu bw’igihugu. Yagaragaje umuhate mu guha ingufu abaturage b’Igihugu cya Egypt, ndetse akaba yarakoresheje umuco n’imihango y’ubwami kugira ngo akomeze umuryango w’umwami. Uburyo yashyize umujyi wa Alexandria imbere y’ibindi byiza bizwi, ni ibintu bihamya ukuntu umwanya we wabaye mu mateka.

Ibikorwa byo kongera igihango cya Egypt

Mu gihe yari ku butegetsi, Cleopatra yakoze ibikorwa byinshi byo guteza imbere imishinga y’inyubako no kubaka ingoro n’amateka azwi cyane mu muco wa Egypt. Yagiye ashyira imbere imikoranire y’imana z'Igihugu ndetse n’inyubako zijyanye n’umuryango wa pharaoh, maze yongera kongera umubano w’ingenzi mu gihugu.

Imbaraga ku rwego rw’ubutegetsi bwa Roma na Egypt

Cleopatra, nk’umuyobozi w’umwihariko, yakomeje gushyiraho ubuhanga bwo gukorana na Roma, kugira ngo azarinde umutekano w’Igihugu cya Egypt. Kuba yarashoboye kuba icyamamare hagati y’impande zombi bihamya ubuhanga bw’umuyobozi mukuru, anashoboye gutegura imigambi inoze.

Umwanzuro wa Cleopatra

Intambara ya Actium

Igihombo cya Cleopatra ndetse n'umubano wa Mark Antony byahagurukijwe cyane mu ntambara ya Actium mu mwaka wa 31 BCE. Iyi ntambara yabaye hagati y’abasirikare ba Cleopatra n’aba Octavian (umwami w’igihe kizaza Augustus), bikaba byarateje guhura kwa Antony na Cleopatra n’iherezo ry’umugambi wabo wo kugera ku butegetsi. Iyi ntambara yasize imiyoborere ya Cleopatra ihindutse, igahungabana cyane.

Imiyoborere ya Roma mu gihugu cya Egypt

Nyuma y’intsinzi ya Octavian muri Actium, ibintu byose byarahindutse. Egypt ntiyashoboye kongera guhangana na Roma. Octavian yageze muri Alexandria maze atera hejuru igihugu cyose cy'Egypt. Mu gihe cy’umwiherero, Cleopatra yahisemo guhuza n’ubwiyunge, nyuma yo kubona ko byose bitari gukora ku nyungu za Egypt.

Urupfu rwa Cleopatra

Mu mwaka wa 30 BCE, Cleopatra yahisemo kwiyahura ku buryo bwemewe, nyuma yo kubona ko ibihe bitari bimeze neza. Inkuru zivuga ko yaretse Inzoka yo mubwoko bwa Cobra imuruma. Gusa izindi zivuga ko yaba yarakoresheje uburozi. Uburyo yakoreshe ntago buvugwaho rumwe gusa icyemezwa cyo nuko yiyahuye.