Uyu munsi, AI tuyisanga muri telefoni, kuri internet, mu modoka, mu bigo by’ubucuruzi no mu bikoresho bidufasha gukora imirimo itandukanye. Hari n’igihe dushobora kuvugana na porogaramu ikatwumva, ikadusubiza kandi ikadufasha gukora ibintu byari bisaba umuntu.

Ariko igitangaje ni uko iki gitekerezo atari icya vuba. Kure cyane mbere ya ChatGPT n’izindi AI zizwi uyu munsi, hari abahanga batangiye kwibaza ikibazo cyari gisa nk’ikitangaje: “Ese imashini ishobora gutekereza?”

Igitekerezo cyatangiye mbere y’uko AI ibaho

Mbere y’uko habaho mudasobwa zikomeye, abantu bari basanzwe batekereza ku mashini zishobora gukora ibintu bisaba ubwenge bw’umuntu. Ibi byagaragaraga mu bitabo, mu bitekerezo by’abahanga no mu mashini zageragezaga gukora imirimo y’abantu.

Ariko mu kinyejana cya 20 ni bwo igitekerezo cyatangiye guhinduka ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi.

Mu 1950, umuhanga w’Umwongereza Alan Turing yasohoye inyandiko izwi cyane yabazaga niba imashini zishobora kwerekana imyitwarire isa n’ubwenge bw’umuntu. Yatanze n’uburyo bwo kugerageza icyo gitekerezo, nyuma bwamenyekana nka “Turing Test”.

1956: AI ibona izina kandi iba umwanya w’ubushakashatsi

Mu 1955, John McCarthy hamwe na Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester na Claude Shannon bateguye umushinga w’ubushakashatsi wakoresheje bwa mbere izina “Artificial Intelligence”.

Umwaka wakurikiyeho, mu mpeshyi ya 1956, abashakashatsi bahuriye i Dartmouth muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Iyo nama ni yo ikunze gufatwa nk’intangiriro yemewe y’urwego rw’ubushakashatsi bwa AI.

Icyo gihe icyizere cyari kinini: abashakashatsi batekerezaga ko ibice byinshi by’ubwenge bw’umuntu bishobora gusobanurwa ku buryo imashini zabigana.

AI yatangiye yigisha mudasobwa gukemura ibibazo

Mu myaka yakurikiyeho, abahanga bakoze porogaramu zageragezaga gukemura ibibazo, gukurikiza amategeko no gufata imyanzuro.

Mu 1957, Frank Rosenblatt yakoze “Perceptron”, imwe mu ntangiriro z’imiyoboro y’ubwonko bw’ikoranabuhanga ishobora kwiga gutandukanya ibintu hakoreshejwe amakuru. Mu 1959, Arthur Samuel na we yerekanye ko mudasobwa ishobora kwiga igenda irushaho gukora neza mu mukino wa dama.

Aha ni ho igitekerezo cyatangiye kuva ku “mashini ikurikiza amabwiriza” kigana ku “mashini ishobora kwiga ikoresheje ubunararibonye”.

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AI yatangiye kumva ururimi no gufata ibyemezo mu bice byihariye

Mu myaka ya 1960 na 1970, abashakashatsi bakoze gahunda zageragezaga kumva amagambo y’abantu, gukemura ibibazo no gukoresha ubumenyi bw’abahanga mu bice runaka.

Hari nka ELIZA, porogaramu yo mu myaka ya 1960 yashoboraga kugirana n’umuntu ibiganiro byoroheje. Hari kandi “expert systems”, porogaramu zubakishwaga amategeko n’ubumenyi bw’abantu b’inzobere kugira ngo zifashe mu bibazo byihariye. MYCIN, yatangiriye i Stanford mu myaka ya 1970, yari urugero rw’iyo sisiteme mu bijyanye no gufasha mu gusuzuma indwara zimwe n’imiti yazikorerwa.

Icyo gihe AI yari itangiye kugaragaza ko mudasobwa ishobora gukora imirimo yabonwaga nk’iy’abantu b’inzobere.

Ariko AI yahuye n’ibihe bikomeye

Ntabwo amateka ya AI yagiye azamuka buri mwaka.

Hari igihe abashakashatsi n’abaterankunga bari bafite ibyiringiro byinshi, ariko mudasobwa zigakomeza kugira ubushobozi buke ugereranyije n’ibyo bari biteze. Imikorere yazo yari igarukira ku makuru make, amabwiriza make n’ibibazo byateguwe neza.

Ibyo byatumye habaho ibihe byagabanutseho ubushakashatsi n’ishoramari muri AI, bizwi nka “AI winter”. Mu myaka ya 1970 ndetse no mu myaka ya 1980, amafaranga n’inyungu byagabanutse mu bice bimwe by’ubu bushakashatsi.

Ariko AI ntiyahagaze burundu.

Imashini zatangiye kwiga aho kubwirwa buri kintu

Mu myaka yakurikiyeho, abashakashatsi bagiye batera imbere mu buryo bwo gutuma imashini ziga ku makuru menshi aho kubwirwa buri tegeko rimwe ku rindi.

Mu 1986, ubushakashatsi kuri “backpropagation” bwafashije imiyoboro y’ubwonko bw’ikoranabuhanga kwiga neza kurushaho. Ubu buryo bwaje kuba kimwe mu byibanze byatumye imiyoboro miremire y’ubwonko, izwi nka “deep learning”, ishobora gutera imbere cyane.

Aha ni ho AI yatangiye guhinduka cyane: aho kuba sisiteme yishingikiriza cyane ku mategeko yanditswe n’umuntu, yatangiye kurushaho kwishingikiriza ku kwiga uhereye ku makuru.

1997: Mudasobwa itsinda nyampinga w’isi mu mukino wa Chess

Mu 1997, IBM yakoze amateka ubwo mudasobwa yayo “Deep Blue” yatsindaga nyampinga w’isi mu mukino wa Chess, Garry Kasparov, mu mikino yemewe y’uwo mwaka.

Ibyo byabaye ikimenyetso gikomeye cy’uko mudasobwa zishobora gutsinda abantu mu mirimo isaba gutekereza cyane, nubwo Deep Blue itari ifite ubwenge rusange nk’ubw’umuntu.

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2012: Deep Learning itangira kwigaragaza cyane

Mu 2012, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Alex Krizhevsky, Ilya Sutskever na Geoffrey Hinton bwakoresheje umuyoboro muremure w’ubwonko mu kumenya amashusho menshi yo muri ImageNet. Icyo gisubizo cyari cyiza cyane kurusha ibyari bimaze kuboneka mbere, maze gifasha kongera kwerekana ubushobozi bwa “deep learning”.

Iyi ntambwe yafashije AI gutangira kugira ubushobozi bunini mu kumenya amashusho, amajwi, amagambo n’ibindi.

2016: AlphaGo itangaza ko AI ishobora kwiga ibintu bikomeye cyane

Mu 2016, AlphaGo ya Google DeepMind yatsinze Lee Sedol, umwe mu bakinnyi bakomeye cyane b’umukino wa Go. Uyu mukino wari uzwiho kuba ugoye cyane ku mashini kubera umubare munini w’imyanzuro ishoboka.

AlphaGo yakoresheje imiyoboro y’ubwonko, gushakisha amahitamo menshi no kwiga binyuze mu gukina. Intsinzi yayo yabaye ikimenyetso gikomeye ko AI ishobora kwiga no kubona uburyo bushya bwo gukemura ikibazo aho gukurikira gusa ibyo abantu bayigishije.

2017: Uburyo bushya bwahinduye AI y’ururimi

Mu 2017, abashakashatsi batangije igitekerezo cya “Transformer”, uburyo bushya bwo gutunganya ururimi bwashingiraga cyane ku buryo bwitwa “attention”.

Iyi nyubako nshya yafashije gukora neza no guhugura imiyoboro minini y’ururimi, kandi nyuma yaje kuba umusingi w’imwe mu miryango ikomeye y’imiterere ya AI ikoreshwa mu gukora no gusobanura ururimi.

2020 na nyuma yaho: AI itangira gukora ibintu byinshi kurushaho

Mu 2020, GPT-3 ya OpenAI yagaragaje ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gukora no gusobanukirwa inyandiko, ikoresheje umubare munini cyane w’ibipimo by’imibare. Ibi byafashije kwagura igitekerezo cy’uko AI ishobora gukoreshwa mu mirimo myinshi y’ururimi idasaba ko yategurirwa buri kibazo ukwacyo.

Nyuma yaho, AI yatangiye kujya kurushaho gukora ibintu bitandukanye: gusobanura inyandiko, gukora amashusho, kumva amajwi, gusubiza ibibazo no guhuza ubwo bushobozi.

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2022: AI igera ku bantu benshi cyane

Ku ya 30 Ugushyingo 2022, OpenAI yashyize ahagaragara ChatGPT nk’igeragezwa ryo gukoresha abantu benshi. Yashoboraga kuganira n’umuntu mu buryo busanzwe, gusubiza ibibazo bikurikirana no gufasha mu mirimo itandukanye.

Kuva icyo gihe, abantu benshi batangiye gukoresha AI atari mu bigo by’ubushakashatsi gusa, ahubwo no mu mashuri, mu kazi, mu bucuruzi, mu gukora porogaramu no mu bindi bikorwa bya buri munsi.

Uyu munsi AI igeze hehe?

Uyu munsi AI ntabwo ikiri igitekerezo cy’abahanga bari mu byumba by’ubushakashatsi gusa. Yagiye iva ku mashini zakoraga ikibazo kimwe zishingiye ku mategeko yanditswe n’abantu, igera ku buryo bushobora kwiga ku makuru menshi no gukora imirimo myinshi.

Ariko nubwo yateye imbere cyane, AI ntisobanura ko imashini yabaye umuntu. Iracyafite imipaka, ishobora gukora amakosa, gutanga igisubizo kitari cyo cyangwa kutumva neza icyo umuntu yashakaga kuvuga.

Amateka yayo rero ntabwo ari inkuru y’ikoranabuhanga ryaje rimwe rigahita rikomera. Ni urugendo rw’imyaka myinshi rwanyuzemo ibihe by’icyizere, ibihe byo gucumbagira, ubuvumbuzi bushya n’impinduka zikomeye.

Kuva kuri cya kibazo Alan Turing yabajije mu 1950 cyo kumenya niba imashini ishobora gutekereza, kugeza kuri AI tuvugana na yo uyu munsi, igitekerezo kimwe cyagiye gikomeza: kumenya niba ikoranabuhanga rishobora gukora bimwe mu bikorwa twari dusanzwe twita iby’umuntu gusa.

Kandi uko AI ikomeza gutera imbere, ikibazo cy’ingenzi ntikikiri gusa ukumenya niba imashini ishobora gukora ibintu bisaba ubwenge. Ni ukumenya n’uburyo abantu bazahitamo gukoresha ubwo bushobozi.